In a close up shot, a certain feature of part of the subject takes up most of the frame. A close up of a person is usually means a close up of their face. Close ups are useful for showing detail of something.
A long shot typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings.
A medium shot is a camera angle from a medium distance. It shows some part of the object in more detail, while still showing enough for the viewer to feel as if they were looking at the whole object.
The shot is so tight that only a detail of the subject, such as someone's eyes, can be seen. It is too close to show general reactions or emotion except in very dramatic scenes.
An extreme long shot is a view from an even greater distance, in which people appear as small dots in the landscape if at all. This is often used as an "establishing shot" - the first shot of a new scene, designed to show the audience where the action is taking place. It is also useful in scenes where the action is very spread out.
A high-angle shot is where the camera looks down on the subject from a high angle. This has the effect of making them appear less powerful or less significant.
A low-angle shot is a shot from a camera angle positioned low on the vertical axis, anywhere below the eye line, looking up. The effect of the low-angle shot is that it makes the subject look strong and powerful.
The scene is shown from directly above. This is a completely different and somewhat unnatural point of view which can be used for dramatic effect or for showing a different spatial perspective. It can be used to show the positions and motions of different characters and objects, enabling the viewer to see things the characters can't. The bird's-eye view is also very useful in sports, documentaries, etc.
A worm's eye view is a view of an object from below, as though the observer were a worm; the opposite of a bird's-eye view. A worm's eye view is used commonly for third perspective.
This shot shows a view from the subject's perspective. It is usually edited in a way that it is obvious whose point of view it is. It shows the perspective an object/person can see.
A tracking shot is when a camera follows a person or an object physically moving with the subject. It is to travel with the object/person as if you are walking/running next to it.
A panning shot is a camera movement technique that involves moving the camera horizontally to the right or left. With this technique you can track an object or follow any type of movement.
A tilt is a vertical camera movement in which the camera points up or down from a stationary location. For example, if you mount a camera on your shoulder and nod it up and down, you are tilting the camera. Tilting the camera results in a motion similar to someone nodding their head "yes" or to an aircraft performing a pitch rotation.
A dolly is a cart which travels along tracks. The camera is mounted on the dolly and records the shot as it moves. Dolly shots have a number of applications and can provide very dramatic footage.
Zooming means altering the focal length of the lens to give the illusion of moving closer to or further away from the action. It creates a difference in perspective.
A crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a crane or jib. This is usually to set a scene or is used to view the actors from above or to move up and away from them, a common way of ending a movie.